Now, neither we nor the academic authors who first found this say that this means anybody was a coward. I mean, the idea that Mexican soldiers would show up and kill them all just seems like a notion that he never really accepted, that somehow something would happen to spirit them all the way to safety. Houston's men were the first to shout. And while the entire defending force was annihilated in the final assault and its aftermath, Joe survived, and his accounts of the siege and final battle form the basis of much of what we know about the Alamo from inside the fort. The Tap Pilam Coahuiltecan Nation, an Indigenous group, is still fighting to have the complex treated as a cemetery and to tell the story of the Indigenous people buried there, said Ramn Vsquez, one of its leaders. The historic movement carried thousands of enslaved people to freedom. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, and at the time, Texas (or rather Tejas) was part of Mexico. In December of 1835, a group of Texan volunteer soldiers had occupied the Alamo, a former Franciscan mission located near the present-day city of San Antonio. The areas main farm read more. Their accounts provided much of the backbone of what was known about the Alamo. Apple Podcasts | Google Play | Stitcher | Spotify. Joe, Among the 187 men in Travis's forces who died were 13 native-born Texans, 11 of Mexican descent. Santa Anna. Texas authorities later returned Joe to the Travis estate, but he escaped to freedom barely a year later. Most of the survivors were women, children, servants, and enslaved people. Did you know? To some, the Alamo, the San Antonio fort where Texans died while fighting off the Mexican army, is a symbol of liberty and Texas pride. There has always been this great mystery of why on earth [Lt. Col. William] Travis and [James] Bowie stay, and the best argument there is probably because they believe reinforcements would be forthcoming. Not until the late 1890s did two women, Adina De Zavala and Clara Driscoll, collaborate to preserve the Alamo. The issue for the project has been that theres a lot of moving parts, and a lot of people who have tried to insert their version of history, he said. All that is known about Joe after the Alamo is that he was questioned by Santa Anna and then later questioned by the Texas Cabinet. Most slaves came to Texas with their owners, and the vast . Summary "Among the fifty or so Texan survivors of the siege of the Alamo was Joe, the personal slave of Lt. Col. William Barret Travis. The battle cry Remember the Alamo! became a symbol of victory in future battles, when the Texans defeated the Mexican army. Sam, James Bowie's slave, was also reported to have survived the battle, but no further record of him is known to exist. The day after the council vote, Nirenberg appeared with Bush and Patrick in Alamo Plaza to unveil a new exhibit with a replica of a cannon that fired upon the Mexican army. In early March, Nirenberg took the unusual step of replacing a city council member, Roberto Trevio, who had been leading two committees coordinating the project and had been staunchly in favor of moving the Cenotaph. They also established the nearby military garrison of San Antonio de Bxar, which soon became the center of a settlement known as San Fernando de Bxar (later renamed San Antonio). Until now. It was just that the place was overrun. Click on the photo for complete transcription. But three writers, all Texans, say the common narrative of the Texas revolt. Dan Patrick (R), who has closely aligned himself with former president Donald Trump. One of these was Susannah Dickinson, the wife of Captain Almaron Dickinson (who was killed) and her infant daughter Angelina. The basic story of the Alamo is that rebellious Texans captured the city of San Antonio de Bxar (modern-day San Antonio, Texas) in a battle in December 1835. Matamoros in the 1840s had a large and flourishing colony of ex-slaves from Texas and the United States. The defenders of the Alamo, as brave as they may have been, were martyrs to the cause of the freedom of slaveholders, with the Texas War of Independence having been the first of their nineteenth-century revolts, with the American Civil War the second. ThoughtCo, May. The Battle of the Alamo during Texas war for independence from Mexico lasted thirteen days, from February 23, 1836-March 6, 1836. What Happened To The Slaves At The Alamo. The decision could also enflame a decades-long debate over what the Texas fort symbolizes. If you change your mind, you can easily unsubscribe. The Texans held out for 13 days, but on the morning of March 6 Mexican forces broke through a breach in the outer wall of the courtyard and overpowered them. It wasn't like every man fought to his death in place, as generations of historians have taught us. Private Visions, Public Culture: The Making of the Alamo, San Fernando Cathedral and the Alamo: Sacred Place, Public Ritual, and Construction of Meaning. They might be considered as servants, or not considered at all. You get a sense that Travis never really believes something bad can happen to him. Telegraph and Texas Register, March 24, 1836, May 26, August 26, 1837. "Remember the Alamo!". Because of the wine production in the area, the city of Parras de la read more, San Luis Potos, which has some of the richest silver mines in Mexico, is also where Gonzales Bocanegra wrote the Mexican national anthem in 1854. It has been used just anecdotally for generations to put down Mexican Americans, a big beefy white guy going up to the little Mexican guy and punching him in the arm and saying, "Remember the Alamo," that type of thing. Some historians believe slavery was the driving issue in the showdown at the Alamo, arguing that Mexicos attempts to end slavery contrasted with the hopes of many white settlers in Texas at the time who moved to the region to farm cotton. The following year, the family acquired 200 acres (80 ha) along the Red River. Don't get me wrong - the defenders of the mission-turned-fortress were killed en masse as Mexican troops stormed the structure. Joe, slave of William B. Travis and one of the few Texan survivors of the battle of the Alamo, was born about 1813. No matter how he ended up there, he was one of many slaves and free blacks who fought or died at the Alamo. The story, and the heroismof frontiersman Davy Crockett, was mythologized in movies and taught to schoolchildren. The UNESCO decision, which would also apply to four other 18th century Spanish missions in San Antonio, is expected to be released on Sunday from the World Heritage Committee in Bonn, Germany. On how the 1960 John Wayne movie The Alamo perpetuated these myths. Financial supporters play no role in the Tribune's journalism. They used to take us there when we were schoolchildren, she told the New York Times Magazine in 2010. A few of the survivors later gave chilling eyewitness accounts of the battle. But those plans have always presented logistical challenges the Alamo is owned by the state, while the adjoining plaza is owned by the city as well as ideological ones. Matamoros in the 1840s had a large and flourishing colony of ex-slaves from Texas and the United States. When Mexican troops stormed the former mission known as the Alamo on the morning of March 6, 1836, Mexican General Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna ordered that no prisoners be taken. A notice offering fifty dollars for his return was published by the executor of Travis's estate in the Telegraph and Texas Register on May 26, 1837. A woman named Andrea Castan Villanueva, better known as Madam Candelaria, later made a career of claiming to be a survivor of the Alamo, but many historians doubt her story. Talk free. But the heart of their 26 fast-paced chapters is . Did Davy Crockett Die in Battle at the Alamo? The boards decision necessitated a new vote by the San Antonio City Council to authorize the project. Sign up for The Brief, our daily newsletter that keeps readers up to speed on the most essential Texas news. He reported the events" Historians are doubtful. Key members of the states GOP leadership and some conservative groups are insisting that the renovation stay focused on the battle. According to Jose Enrique de la Pefia, one of Santa Anna's officers, a handful of prisoners, including Crockett, were taken after the battle and put to death. Many of the defenders of the Alamo believed in independence for Texas, but their leaders had not declared independence from Mexico yet. It was finished when Spanish troops arrived in 1805 but it was used as a hospital. The mayor of San Antonio, however, claimed to have seen Crockett dead among the other defenders, and he had met Crockett before the battle. October 10, 1807. But if Northeasterners can be excused for embracing a somewhat fuzzy notion of abstract liberty, the symbolism of the Alamo has always been built upon historical myth. The Alamo was originally a Spanish mission but was turned into a fort for Spanish soldiers. And in the end, Santa Anna lost the war, going down in defeat within six weeks. But aspects of the plan quickly met with outrage, especially its treatment of the Cenotaph, a 56-foot monument to Alamo defenders erected in the plaza in 1940. In addition to Joe, slaves Bettie, Sam, and Charlie left the Alamo alive. The migration of U.S. citizens to Texas increased over the next decades, sparking a revolutionary movement that would erupt into armed conflict by the mid-1830s. Signup today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan. Afterward, they fortified the Alamo, a fortress-like former mission in the center of town. Beyond where he lived, what did he do? About half of the men there were not enlisted soldiers, but volunteers who technically could come, go, and do as they pleased. [Mexican Gen. Antonio Lpez de] Santa Anna is coming north with 6,000 troops. This is their journey. None of the defenders survived. The fort was on 3 acres of land and contained several buildings with cannons along the walls and on roofs. Historians estimate that one million slaves were taken in a . In 1824, Mexico's leaders wrote a federalist constitution, not much different from that of the United States, and thousands of people from the U.S. moved into the region. he Alamo Cenotaph, also known as the Spirit of Sacrifice, is a monument in San Antonio, Texas, United States, commemorating the Battle of the Alamo, which was fought at the adjacent Alamo Mission. Indeed, an enslaved man named Joe, who was owned by Travis, survived the battle of the Alamo and became one of the primary sources of information about the 13-day siege, inspiring dozens of books and movies, including the John Wayne classic. Two and a half million people visit the Alamo each year where, according to its website, men made the ultimate sacrifice for freedom, making it hallowed ground and the Shrine of Texas Liberty.. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! The story of the Alamo has been central to the "whole Texas creation myth," Burrough says. https://www.history.com/topics/latin-america/alamo. Paul D. Lack, "Slavery and the Texas Revolution," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 89 (July 1985). But conservative groups rallied in armed protest and turned up at public meetings chanting Not one inch!, State leaders took up the cause, including Lt. Gov. The Mexican forces also suffered heavy casualties in the Battle of the Alamo, losing between 600 and 1,600 men. However, he left on family matters leaving Lt. Col. William Travis (a ne'er-do-well and enslaver who had no military reputation before the Alamo) in charge. [15] Each woman was given $ 2 and a blanket and was allowed to go free and spread the news of the destruction that awaited those who opposed the Mexican government. All Rights Reserved. But as the smoke cleared after the bloody battle, around 15 survivors of the battle on the Texan side remained. Every dollar helps. The siege of the Alamo was memorably depicted in a Walt Disney series and in a 1960 movie starring John Wayne. Some 600 Mexican soldiers died in the battle, compared to roughly 200 rebellious Texans. Although nearly everyone at the Alamo was killed or captured, Texas achieved independence when Sam read more, Coahuila, one of Mexicos major steel producers, straddles the Sierra Madre Oriental Mountains. After the Alamo battle, the soldiers under Sam Houston's command were the only obstacle between Santa Anna's attempt to reincorporate Texas into Mexico. The official commander of the Alamo was James Neill. We may earn a commission from links on this page. There's also some evidence that at one point in his later years he returned to Texas and perhaps even visited the old fortress where he nearly died. His first book, called Though exact. Mexican American kids can grow up in Texas believing they're Americans, with the Statue of Liberty and all that, until seventh grade when you were taught, in essence, that if you're Mexican, your ancestors killed Davy Crockett, that that's kind of the original sin of the Texas creation myth. Portrait of Jim Bowie, circa 1820. When the din of the fighting died down and the Mexicans firmly controlled the fort, Joe was shot and bayoneted, only to be saved by a Mexican field officer. As a nation we're finally reexamining that narrative and acknowledging that it's all very well and good, as far as it goes, but for too long it hasn't gone far enough. Handbook of Texas Online, This tense situation was resolved by three events: the advance of a common enemy (the Mexican army), the arrival of the charismatic and famous Davy Crockett (who proved very skilled at defusing the tension between Travis and Bowie), and Bowie's illness just before the battle. Meanwhile, historians argue that support for slavery was indeed a motivating factor for the Texas Revolution, a fact that should be acknowledged at the site, even if it tarnishes some giants of Texas history. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Directly or indirectly, James Bowie's (aka Jim) enigmatic illness during the siege of the Alamo resulted from his actions. . As a nonprofit newsroom, we rely on members to help keep our stories free and our events open to the public. Julin Castro and Jorge Ramos Team Up to Destroy Joe Biden on Immigration, Oh My Lord What a Shockingly Ruthless Attack on Joe Biden, Breville Barista Express Espresso Machine, Trump Pulls a Charlottesville and Says He Hates All Kinds of 'Supremacy'. Enslaved people who attempted to resist going to their new masters were whipped and thrown in jail until they relented and promised not to run away during the new arrangement. Both sides included prominent Mexican citizens. The idea was to make the plaza period neutral and help visitors imagine how the Alamo looked as a mission and fort. After his report to the Texas Cabinet, Joe was returned to Travis's estate near Columbia, where he remained until April 21, the first anniversary of the battle of San Jacinto. Santa Annas Mexican army killed virtually all of the roughly 200 Texans (or Texians) defending the Alamo, including their leaders, Colonels William B. Travis and James Bowie, and the legendary frontiersman Davy Crockett. But it was an exemption reluctantly given, mainly because the authorities wanted to avoid rebellion in Texas when they already had problems in Yucatn and Guatemala. William Fairfax Gray, From Virginia to Texas, 1835 (Houston: Fletcher Young, 1909, 1965). ", On how Texas history often fails to address slavery. Mexican general Santa Anna appeared in short order at the head of a massive army and laid siege to the Alamo. Minster, Christopher. From March to May, Mexican forces once again occupied the Alamo. And the Alamo is more than just a battle of 13 daysit was a Spanish mission for more than 100 years before it became a fort. (Creeks, Choctaws, and . There have been references to Joe over the years, particularly his eyewitness account of the battle, but only recently have researchers uncovered a significant amount of his history for the 2015 book Joe: The Slave Who Became an Alamo Legend, by Ron J. Jackson and Lee Spencer White. When I grew up I learned that the heroes of the Alamo were a bunch of drunks and crooks and slaveholding imperialists who conquered land that didnt belong to them. Did anyone at the Alamo survive? . Sometimes we try so hard to create perfect heroes, and in trying so hard to create perfection, we force ourselves into a corner where its difficult to accept the reality that people are not perfect, said Carey Latimore, a history professor at Trinity University. Though Sam Houston, the newly appointed commander-in-chief of the Texan forces, argued that San Antonio should be abandoned due to insufficient troop numbers, the Alamos defendersled by Bowie and Travisdug in nonetheless, prepared to defend the fort to the last. and slaves. I like the sound of the word," John Wayne's Davy Crockett lectures Laurence Harvey as William Travis in The Alamo. At the time of the Battle of the Alamo, however, the structure had become dilapidated. Elected leaders have talked for decades about redeveloping the Alamo complex, which lies in the heart of San Antonio, not far from the famous River Walk. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. These men only listened to Jim Bowie, who disliked Travis and often refused to follow his orders. They ran out into the open where they were unceremoniously run down and killed by Mexican cavalry. Military troopsfirst Spanish, then rebel and later Mexicanoccupied the Alamo during and after Mexicos war for independence from Spain in the early 1820s. Though vastly outnumbered, the Alamos 200 defenderscommanded by James Bowie and William Travis and including the famed frontiersman Davy Crockettheld out for 13 days before the Mexican forces finally overpowered them. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA). "Republic. And thats whats missing right now in our society, is the nuance.. The social, economic, and legal positions of enslaved people have differed vastly in different systems of slavery in different times and places. The Battle of the Alamo was part of the Texas Revolution, in which American settlers in the Mexican state of Texas fought for secession fromthe increasingly centralized and autocratic Mexican government. The siege of the Alamo was memorably depicted in a Walt Disney series and in a 1960 movie starring John Wayne. And of course, this leads to one of the great myths, which is the bravery of the Alamo defenders, how they fought to their death and everything. The treatment of slaves in the United States often included sexual abuse and rape, the denial of education, and punishments like whippings. battle cry while fighting against Mexican forces in the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848. In Section 9 of the General Provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Texas, it is stated how the new republic would resolve their greatest problem under Mexican rule: All persons of color who were slaves for life previous to their emigration to Texas, and who are now held in bondage, shall remain in the like state of servitude Congress shall pass no laws to prohibit emigrants from bringing their slaves into the republic with them, and holding them by the same tenure by which such slaves were held in the United States; nor shall congress have power to emancipate slaves.. During the first couple of days, however, Santa Anna made no attempt to seal the exits from the Alamo and the town: the defenders could very easily have slipped away in the night if they had so desired. (2021, May 22). In early 1836, a small group of Texas volunteers at the Alamo held off the Mexican army for 13 days before being defeated (and executed). After Travis fell . The Battle of the Alamo: Unfolding Events, 8 Important People of the Texas Revolution, Biography of William Travis, Texas Revolution Hero. "Slavery was the undeniable linchpin of all of this," author Bryan Burrough says. The struggle over the Cenotaph ended in September when the Texas Historical Commission, a state board whose members are appointed by Gov. Santa Annas army arrived in San Antonio in late February1836. Pennybacker describes the line-drawing episode and puts in another footnote: "The student may wonder if none escaped from the Alamo, how we know the above to be true. All of the leaders of Mexico, in itself only an independent country since 1821, were personally opposed to slavery, in part because of the influence of emissaries from the freed slave republic of Haiti. hide caption. A bill introduced by 10 Republican state lawmakers would bar the overhaul from citing any reasons for the Texas Revolution beyond those mentioned in the Texas Declaration of Independence which does not include slavery. Some controversy and debate has surrounded the exact number and their identity, but most were wives, children, servants and slaves whom the Alamos defenders had brought with them into the mission for safety after Santa Annas troops occupied San Antonio. Its one-room exhibit space can hold only a fraction of key artifacts. Martin Perfecto de Cos at Bexar arrived in late 1835 and put the Alamo into "fort fashion" by building a dirt ramp up to the top rear of the church wall and covering it with planks. The twenty-year-old Joe stood with his master, Lieutenant Colonel Travis, against the Mexican army in the early hours of March 6, 1836. So, he set out to tell the story of the Alamo, a story that, he believes, belongs to all of us through the diversity of its defenders. On February 23, a Mexican force numbering in the thousands and led by General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna began a siege of the fort. The victory ensured the success of Texan independence: Santa Anna, who had been taken prisoner, came to terms with Houston to end the war. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. The Alamo remained a symbol of courage, and in the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848, U.S. soldiers revived the "Remember the Alamo!" Cook discovered the Alamo was more than a bunch of white, male landowners fighting for Texas. SAN ANTONIO The Alamo needs a makeover; on that, at least, everyone agrees. James "Jim" Bowie (c. 1796March 6, 1836) was an American frontiersman, trader of enslaved people, smuggler, settler, and soldier in the Texas Revolution. Minster, Christopher. t. e. Contemporary slavery, also sometimes known as modern slavery or neo-slavery, refers to institutional slavery that continues to occur in present-day society. Bowie was known as a legendary fighter; the large Bowie knife is named after . There was no line in the sand drawn. To an amazing degree, maybe because the Texas media [are] still dominated by Anglos as well as the Texas government, that viewpoint has just never really gotten into the mainstream. Whether he fell in battle or was captured and executed, Crockett fought bravely and did not survive the Battle of the Alamo. by Richard Webner, The Washington Post It is the countrys economic and cultural hub, as well as home to the offices of the federal government. Mexico had in fact abolished slavery in 1829, causing panic among the Texas slaveholders, overwhelmingly immigrants from the south of the United States. On March 6, 1836, after 13 days of intermittent fighting, the Battle of the Alamo comes to a gruesome end, capping off a pivotal moment in the Texas Revolution. Joe was sold four times in his life, with his most well known owner being William B. Travis, [1] a 19th century lawyer and soldier, who would later be the lieutenant colonel for The Battle of the Alamo. The Pena Perspective. A color guard carries flags from each state that lost people in the battle of the Alamo March 6, 2001 during the Annual Memorial Service at the Alamo in San Antonio, Texas. Joe was the slave of William B. Travis, the commander of the Alamo during Mexican dictator Antonio Lopez de Santa Annas siege of the Texian fort. He installed an 18-pounder cannon and mounted a half-dozen other cannons. Its one of the most famous historic places in the world, he said. Joe took cover and continued fighting until the battle was over, when he presented himself and, as a slave, his life was spared. International recognition would mean increased tourism and potential UN support for upkeep. Part of the narrative of the 1836 Battle of the Alamo is that the defenders were there to liberate Texas from the tyranny of Mexico. On February 23, a Mexican force. All Rights Reserved. The exemption was, in their minds, a temporary measure and Texas slaveholders knew that. He was among the defenders at the Battle of the Alamo in 1836, where he perished along with all of his comrades. Thats how we came to know of Joe just Joe, any other names he had are lost to history now. There were 41 Europeans, two African Americans, and the rest were Americans from states in the United States. Mexico abolished slavery in 1829, as History tells us, but made some exceptions in Texas for instance, slaves whose master had died with no heirs would be freed (providing they hadn't actually killed their masters, though who could blame them?). The Alamo became a symbol of resistance to oppression and the Texas fight for freedom. Bush and San Antonio Mayor Ron Nirenberg threw their political muscle behind reviving the project. The early depictions of Texas history was good guys against bad guys, white guys against brown guys, democracy against tyranny, Crisp said. Because the western part of the state is mostly desert, most Coahuilans live in the cool, moist eastern highlands. Known simply as Joe, he was sold four times in his life, most notably to his third master, Colonel William Barret Travis. A 2013 BexarCounty reportpredicted a $100 million benefit to the local economy and more than 1,000 new jobs if the sites receive heritage status. To download your free audiobook today go to audibletrial.com/MandatoryFun. Joe escaped to Mexico on two stolen horses. Once he saw the fort's defenses, Bowie decided to ignore Houston's orders, having become convinced of the need to defend the city. In December 1835, in the early stages of Texas war for independence from Mexico, a group of Texan (or Texian) volunteers led by George Collinsworth and Benjamin Milam overwhelmed the Mexican garrison at the Alamo and captured the fort, seizing control of San Antonio. Every day during the siege, the defenders of the Alamo looked for Fannin and his men but they never arrived. Do you value our journalism? Still, many of his officers believed he had paid too high a price. After the battle, Mexican troops searched the buildings within the Alamo and called for any Blacks to reveal themselves. Today, more than 2.5 million people a year visit the Alamo. Disclosure: Texas Historical Commission has been a financial supporter of The Texas Tribune, a nonprofit, nonpartisan news organization that is funded in part by donations from members, foundations and corporate sponsors. Houston was indecisive, lacking a clear plan to meet the Mexican army, but by either chance or design, he met Santa Anna at San Jacinto on April 21, overtaking his forces and capturing him as he retreated south. Meanwhile, issues of race and slavery at the Alamo remain unresolved. They had been kidnapped from their homes and were forced to work on tobacco, rice, and indigo plantations from Maryland . But Texans are deeply divided over how, exactly, to remember the Alamo. Democratic elected officials in San Antonio want the Alamo story to be told from other perspectives. More information is available at http://escapefromtexas.com. Section 9 of the General Provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Texas, Biden Should Remove Cuba from List of State Sponsors of Terrorism, Descendants of Slaveholder Donor Denounce Law School Name Change, How Social Media and Community Schools Could Fill in Gaps Teaching Black History, American Girl Dolls Declare the 1990s Ancient History, Review: DeSantis's Book is a Campaign Tome Written by ChatGPT, Reconsidering Phillis Wheatley's Place in the Revolutionary Era, Philosopher Lewis Gordon's Impact on Black Jewish History, Quintard Taylor's Black Past Project Fights Erasure of History, Review: The Unfinished Business of "Double V", One Reason to Confirm National Archivist Fast? Greg Abbott (R), voted to deny a permit to move it. As the Texans were facing the whole Mexican army, desertions are not surprising. Indigenous leaders, for example, want the site to show respect for its ancient role as a burial ground. Fugitive Slave Acts, in U.S. history, statutes passed by Congress in 1793 and 1850 (and repealed in 1864) that provided for the seizure and return of runaway slaves who escaped from one state into another or into a federal territory. While scant information exists on the states pre-Hispanic era, the Huastecos, Chichimecas and read more, Guanajuato, the birthplace of famed muralist Diego Rivera, is also the site of Alhondiga de Ganaditas, a former town granary that became a revolutionary symbol after the heads of insurrectionists Hidalgo, Allende, Aldama and Jimenez were posted at the four corners of the read more, From the renowned beaches of Acapulco and Ixtapa to the silversmiths of Taxco, Guerrero is known as a mecca for ocean-loving tourists and sports fisherman. Joe, the Slave Who Became an Alamo Legend recovers a true American character from obscurity and expands our view of events central to the emergence of Texas"-- Provided by publisher. A hearty man of six feet, Bowie was a walking contradiction; a slave trader who fought for freedom, a generous and congenial man who had his thunderous temper, and a commanding leader .